Q. Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues gest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.

Model Answer: 

Naxalism, originating in the 1960s, stems from deep-seated grievances related to poverty, land rights, and social injustice. While it began as a peasant uprising, it has morphed into a complex insurgency threatening India’s internal security. The movement’s core issues remain socio-economic, but its manifestation as violent extremism necessitates a nuanced approach.

Emerging issues surrounding Naxalism include:

1. Modernization of Maoist tactics: Naxalites are adopting sophisticated weaponry and communication technologies, enhancing their operational capabilities.

2. Urban expansion: The movement is gradually spreading its influence to urban areas, posing new challenges for law enforcement.

3. Exploitation of tribal populations: Naxalites continue to manipulate tribal communities’ grievances, complicating government efforts to win hearts and minds.

4. Environmental concerns: Naxal-affected areas often overlap with mineral-rich forests, creating a conflict between development and conservation.

5. Inter-state coordination challenges: The movement’s spread across state borders hampers effective response due to jurisdictional issues.

To tackle these emerging issues and address the root causes of Naxalism, a multilayered strategy is essential:

1. Socio-economic development:
– Implement targeted poverty alleviation programs in affected areas.
– Improve access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.
– Ensure fair land distribution and protect tribal rights.

2. Governance reforms:
– Strengthen local governance institutions to enhance public service delivery.
– Address corruption and improve transparency in government operations.
– Implement effective grievance redressal mechanisms.

3. Security measures:
– Enhance intelligence gathering and sharing among security agencies.
– Improve training and equipment for security forces to counter evolving Maoist tactics.
– Strengthen inter-state coordination for seamless operations.

4. Rehabilitation and surrender policy:
– Develop comprehensive rehabilitation packages for surrendered Naxalites.
– Provide skill development and employment opportunities to reintegrate them into society.

5. Infrastructure development:
– Improve road connectivity, communication networks, and basic amenities in affected areas.
– Balance development with environmental conservation to address tribal concerns.

6. Public awareness and counter-narrative:
– Launch media campaigns to highlight the futility of violence and the benefits of mainstream development.
– Engage civil society organizations to bridge the trust gap between the government and local communities.

7. International cooperation:
– Collaborate with neighboring countries to prevent cross-border movement of Naxalites and arms trafficking.
– Share best practices in counter-insurgency with other nations facing similar challenges.

Naxalism’s complex nature demands a holistic approach combining security measures with developmental initiatives. A sustained, multi-pronged strategy is crucial for long-term resolution and ensuring India’s internal security and socio-economic progress.