Q. Are pressure groups a threat to or a necessary element of democracy? Explain with suitable illustrations.
UPSC Sociology 2025 Paper 1
Model Answer:
Pressure groups are organized associations that aim to influence public policy without seeking political power themselves. Their role in democracy is paradoxical—simultaneously strengthening and potentially undermining democratic principles.
Pressure Groups as Democratic Necessity
Pluralist Foundation: Robert Dahl’s pluralist theory establishes pressure groups as vital for healthy democracy, performing essential functions:
• Interest Articulation: They voice diverse socio-economic interests overlooked by mainstream parties. The All India Kisan Sabha effectively articulates farmers’ specific demands, ensuring agricultural concerns reach policymakers.
• Enhanced Participation: Groups foster citizen engagement beyond elections, strengthening civil society. The Narmada Bachao Andolan mobilized grassroots democracy around environmental and displacement issues.
• Information Dissemination: Specialized groups provide expert knowledge for informed policymaking. The Indian Medical Association (IMA) offers crucial technical input on health policies.
• Democratic Watchdog: Civil liberties organizations like People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) hold governments accountable, preventing power abuse and protecting constitutional values.
Pressure Groups as Democratic Threats
Elite Theory Concerns: C. Wright Mills warned about pressure groups undermining democratic ideals through:
• Unequal Influence: Wealthy corporate lobbies like FICCI and CII wield disproportionate policy influence compared to marginalized groups, subverting political equality.
• Parochial Interests: Narrow sectarian agendas can override public welfare. Caste-based pressure groups sometimes promote divisive politics against national interest.
• Undemocratic Methods: Some groups employ coercive tactics—strikes, bandhs, violence—challenging the rule of law and democratic norms.
• Accountability Deficit: Many groups lack internal democracy and financial transparency, making leadership unaccountable to members and public scrutiny.
Conclusion: Pressure groups embody democracy’s double-edged sword—essential for plural representation yet potentially distorting democratic equality. Robust regulatory frameworks ensuring transparency and equal access can harness their benefits while mitigating threats.
