Q. Comment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few India’s wetlands of international importance included in the Ramsar Sites.

Model Answer: 

National Wetland Conservation Programme and Ramsar Sites in India

1. National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP)

The National Wetland Conservation Programme was initiated by the Government of India in 1985-86 to address the pressing need for wetland conservation. This programme aims to prevent further degradation and promote the wise use of wetlands in India.

Key Features:

• Identification and mapping of wetlands
• Catchment area treatment and conservation
• Pollution prevention and control
• Sustainable resource development
• Environmental education and public awareness
• Capacity building of stakeholders

The NWCP has significantly contributed to wetland conservation by:
– Enhancing understanding of wetland ecosystems
– Promoting integrated management approaches
– Supporting research and monitoring activities
– Facilitating community participation in conservation efforts

However, challenges remain, including urbanization pressures, climate change impacts, and the need for better coordination among various stakeholders. The programme’s success relies on continued government support, scientific research, and public participation.

2. Ramsar Sites in India

Ramsar Sites are wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention, an intergovernmental treaty for wetland conservation. India, as a signatory, has designated several wetlands as Ramsar Sites. Some notable examples include:

a) Chilika Lake, Odisha:
– Asia’s largest brackish water lagoon
– Supports rich biodiversity, including migratory birds
– Crucial for local livelihoods through fishing and tourism

b) Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan:
– Former duck hunting reserve turned bird sanctuary
– Hosts over 370 bird species, including rare Siberian cranes
– Exemplifies successful wetland restoration efforts

c) Loktak Lake, Manipur:
– Largest freshwater lake in Northeast India
– Known for its unique floating islands called ‘phumdis’
– Supports endangered Sangai deer and various fish species

d) Vembanad-Kol Wetland, Kerala:
– Longest lake in India, part of the Kerala backwaters
– Critical for flood control and local agriculture
– Faces challenges from pollution and reclamation

e) Sundarbans, West Bengal:
– World’s largest mangrove forest
– UNESCO World Heritage Site and tiger reserve
– Vital for coastal protection and carbon sequestration

The NWCP, combined with international commitments like the Ramsar Convention, forms a comprehensive approach to wetland conservation in India. However, continued efforts are needed to address emerging challenges and ensure the long-term health of these vital ecosystems.