Q. The world is facing an acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. What are the alternative technologies which can solve this crisis? Briefly discuss any three such technologies citing their key merits and demerits.
UPSC Mains 2024 GS3 Paper
Model Answer:
Clean and safe freshwater crisis
The global shortage of clean and safe freshwater necessitates the adoption of alternative technologies. Three widely recognized methods to address this crisis are:
1. Rainwater Harvesting:
This technique involves collecting and storing rainwater for future use. Rainwater harvesting is a simple, low-cost method that can be implemented at various scales, from individual households to large communities. It reduces dependence on groundwater and helps recharge aquifers. However, its effectiveness is limited in areas with low rainfall or during drought periods. There are also concerns about water quality, especially in urban areas with air pollution.
2. Wastewater Treatment and Reuse:
This process involves treating sewage and industrial wastewater to make it suitable for various applications, including irrigation, industrial processes, and even potable use. It significantly reduces pressure on freshwater sources and minimizes environmental pollution. Advanced treatment technologies can produce high-quality water. However, the process requires substantial infrastructure investment and ongoing operational costs. Public acceptance of treated wastewater, particularly for drinking purposes, remains a challenge in many societies.
3. Drip Irrigation:
This water-efficient irrigation method delivers water directly to plant roots through a network of pipes, valves, and emitters. Drip irrigation significantly reduces water waste compared to traditional flood irrigation, with efficiency rates up to 95%. It also enhances crop yield and quality by maintaining optimal soil moisture levels. However, the initial setup cost can be high, especially for small-scale farmers. The system also requires regular maintenance to prevent clogging of emitters.
These technologies offer practical solutions to water scarcity, each with its own set of advantages and limitations. Their effectiveness often depends on local conditions, available resources, and implementation strategies. Adopting these methods requires careful consideration of economic, environmental, and social factors.
